Marjane Satrapi – Persepolis

Marjane Satrapi’s book Persepolis is alternatively called by the critics a â€Å"graphic novel† or an autobiographical comic sketch. The book is made up of a series of black and white illustrations, arranged in little episodes that represent different scenes from the life of Marjane’s family, in Tehran. It begins immediately after the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979 and continues with the first four years of the war between Iraq and Iran. The main character in the story is Marjane herself, who is ten years old when the revolution starts. Although both the language of the novel and the illustrations are very simple and straightforward, only revealing the essential facts of the story, the book is nevertheless very effective and delivers its message as well as any other text. The scarcity of text doesn’t cut down on its literary value, on the contrary, the book seems to gain a lot from this brief and report-like writing style. The main reason for this is the fact that the author creates a sharp contrast between the objective, documentary style, with its brief sentences and its matter-of- fact information and the personal narrative that is actually conveyed to the reader. The subjective point of view in the book is only hinted at in an apparently impersonal tone. Moreover, Marjane Satrapi intentionally substitutes the ten years old girl for herself, and thus manages to register her reaction as a child to the religious and political movements in Iran. The girl actually grows as a character by the end of the book, passing, like any character of fiction, from one stage to another in her development. This is achieved mainly through the careful notation of the child’s reactions to every event mentioned in the book. Although all the statements in the novel seem unbiased, Marjane Satrapi succeeds in conveying her own message as if she had written a truly subjective and explanatory narrative of her experiences. Although very succinctly, the book captures the absurdities of the fundamentalist movement in Marjane’s country, with the array of social and political transformations that took place afterwards. All this is done in an ironic tone, although again, the writing style remains unornamented. One by one the main social and political problems are displayed, from the dispute around the subject of the veil that the women have to wear all the time, according to the fundamentalists, to the closing of the all bilingual schools and of all universities for two years, or the closing of the American embassy because of the attacks of the religious fanatics. The author cleverly unmasks the backward views of the new political regime, who was capable of closing the schools so as to ward off the â€Å"dangerous† capitalist ideas that were cultivated there: â€Å"The educational system and what is written in schoolbooks, at all levels, are decadent. Everything needs to be revised to ensure that our children are not led astray.† (Satrapi, 25) At the same time that the crucial events of going on in the country are related (mostly in the form of television reports, as the family actually found out the news probably), there are also many events that involve the family as well, like the women’s protest against fundamentalism and â€Å"the veil†, which is rapidly suppressed by the political forces, or the attack that the girl’s mother suffers on the street because she doesn’t wear the veil. Society also changes, and the parents of the girl note that the same people who engaged in usual â€Å"liberal† activities before, like wearing â€Å"modern† clothes or drinking, suddenly change these habits outwardly and start lying. The moment when Marjane’s mother tells her to tell everyone that all she does at home is pray is very ironical: â€Å"If anyone asks you what you do during the day, you say pray, you understand?†(Satrapi, 29) In very few words and illustrations, Satrapi manages to portray the Iranian society after the Islamic Revolution, with its insincerity and fear of persecution. All through the book, Marjane evolves by reacting to the environment that surrounds her and by understanding new things. The author carefully transcribes her reactions: for example, during first episode or â€Å"The Veil†, the girl remarks that she â€Å"really didn’t know what to think about the veil† (Satrapi, 2), capturing thus the dilemma and confusion of the child, who although deeply religious, was at the same time used to the modern ways of her family. Other reactions and feelings are registered in the book, like the dream of the girl to become a prophet, or the moment when the family comes back from Spain to find out that the war had begun in Iran, and Marjane experiences a feeling of patriotism, and discovers that she wanted to fight for her country. Her desire to become a chemist like Marie Currie follows, and then more rebellious years as an adolescent who listens to American music. All these examples and many more, manage to portray ten years old Marjane as a strong character who is able keeps her views in the midst of the general confusion and fear, and to cope with the war and violence that surrounded them. The book makes a good literary work especially because of the personal voice of Marjane, which although it is not really heard as such, vibrates through the ironic and objective style. The genre that Satrapi creates is thus at once documentary because it is true and autobiographic, and literary, since as all literary works, it manages to convey much more than can be read at the surface of the text Works Cited: Satrapi, Marjane. Persepolis. New York: Pantheon Books, 2003

Brechtian Performance- Second Reflection Essay

1. What Brechtian techniques did you use in your group? Myself and my fellow group members used many different Brechtian techniques in our peace of Epic Theatre. Firstly, we decided on a social issue to base our peice of theatre on, our final being the issue of gay marriage. We then set this issue based on the story of The Three Muskateers, and changed the name to Three Muskaqueers.This word play and the theme of gay marraige continued on throughout our peice of theatre. Also, to continue the theme of homosexuality, we used Brechts idea of introducing Gods who pass jugdment on the play and the characters, Hamzah was our God of Gays. We also used a popular song the YMCA and changed the words according to our social issue and story. Other Brechtian techniques we used were scene cross cutting, gestus and greeze frames and we also had a narrator who introduced our play. 2. How well did you think you used them (Popular audince reaction/engagement/understanding. Critical; opinions of other practitioners & Self; personal targets you may have set yourself) I think that our group used most of the techniques very well. We were able to explicitly use the Brechtian techniques we chose, such as using a God to pass judgement and using a narrator, however i feel we could have improved on other aspects of Brechtian theatre; such as including the characters saying stage directions. If we had added more of these techniques our peice would have become more Brechtian and would have been more obvious to the audience that our performance was a peice of theatre. I think we used our social issue and story well as we cleverly created a play on words from the original story of the Three Muskateers to the Three Muskaqueers. I feel that overall, from the reaction that we got from the audience and how i feel about our peice of theatre from the targets i first set myself that we used the techniques very well. 3. How well did you ‘synthesis’ your content (what you were saying) with the form (how you were saying it) What did you think was effective and why? I think that we had quite a fair amount of synthesis in our production as we kept the theme of â€Å"homosexuality† and â€Å"gay marraige† running throughout the peice. We incorporated this theme into our chosen theme song, and into puns and jokes we made throughout the peice of theatre. I feel that we could have, towards the end of the peice kept the theme running more as we changed the story by making one of the main characters turn straight, and our teacher and fellow students did not fully understand this choice, so i feel that we could have made this mroe obvious or changed this. 4. If you were not happy with aspects of your work then what alternative approaches might you have pursued? Mention at least 2 aspects of your peers work that you thought was effective and why, as you consider alternatives. 1) I feel that we could have used the use of stage directions more because we did not include this as much as we could have, and this part of Epic Theatre is a very important part of Brechts work as he uses it to break the â€Å"fourth wall† between the actors, the play and the audience. 2) I feel that we also could have used either mime or mask in our theatre. Although none of the other groups did this, it is a very well known Brechtian technique, and would have made our peice of theatre stand out much more through the use of nboth Mime and masks.

Big Brother Is Watching Essay Research Paper

Large Brother Is Watching Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; Big Brother is Watching # 8221 ; Privacy in the Information Age. Vladimira Love May 13, 2001 Have you sat down to eat dinner, merely as you put that first seize with teeth into your oral cavity the phone rings. You know better than to reply it, but you do any manner. To your discouragement you find out that you were right Tele-marketers? As you hang up you inquire how did they acquire my figure? How do they cognize what are your involvements, likes, disfavors? You manus the teller a fictile card with a magnetic strip which contains your name and reference. All of your purchases are recorded and a few yearss subsequently you receive price reduction vouchers for a new merchandise you might wish in the mail. You think that targeted selling in the information age truly works! A adult female feels she may be anticipating, she goes to the pharmaceutics to buy a place gestation trial. Without thought, she hands her # 8220 ; bonus card # 8221 ; to the teller and a few yearss subsequently she receives mail from baby merchandise industries. She is believing that she is populating in an information age incubus. Information engineering, and peculiarly the cyberspace and the World Wide Web, can supply benefits that were merely dreamed of a decennary ago. These new chances, nevertheless, raise inquiries about possible menaces to personal privateness that are merely now get downing to be understood. Consumers, for illustration, like # 8220 ; one on one selling # 8221 ; at Miscellaneous Web sites which allows them to shop assorted choices recommended based on old purchases and their personal profile. They are much less certain about the site # 8217 ; s developing existent clip profiles of users based on demographics or psychographics. Similarly, workaholics are attracted to internet dating services that promise to happen high winners their ideal mate ; They lief spend 30 proceedingss finishing the extended introductory questionnaire. They are less thrilled when they subsequently find that # 8220 ; E-Mate # 8221 ; has been acquired by another company specifically for its extended informations base of personal information. Our concern is the privateness of personal information in a digitally networked universe where personal informations can be input, stored, sorted, analyzed, mined, transmitted and exchanged globally with increasing easiness and diminishing cost. There is turning concern about informations privateness, particularly on the Net which is accompanied by pronounced dissensions about what can, and should be done. These differences are exacerbated by really existent cross-cultural and cross-national differences in values, history and economic doctrines. Where national boundary lines are non even rush bumps on the information expressway. We argue that while the protection of personal informations in a networked universe requires multinational solutions, blunt differences exist in basic privateness values among states and civilizations. These differences, which flow from basic cultural traits such as individuality and changing political-economic doctrines, are really existent and can non be # 8220 ; papered over. # 8221 ; This circle must be squared: planetary solutions must cover with local differences. The information privateness issue serves as a metaphor for more general jobs of administration of the universe economic system given the world of basic, implicit in cross-border societal, cultural and political differences. Data privateness is a concern on the Net. A recent E-Trust study found that over 80 % of consumers are more concerned about privateness on the Net than with the telephone or mail. A widely cited Business Week/Harris canvass reported that 61 % of respondents who use the Net citation privateness as their primary concern. An OECD workshop concluded that unless consumers gained more assurance that their privateness would be protected, the growing of Electronic Commerce ( E-Commerce ) would be hindered. Consumers should be concerned. While the state of affairs may hold improved slightly in the meantime, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission reported that while over 85 % of Web sites collected personal information, merely 14 % provide any notice about their privateness patterns and merely 2 % provide a comprehensive privateness policy. Concern about privateness was about long before the Net and Web. The New York Police Department was tapping phones within a decennary or two of Bell # 8217 ; s first call. Party lines and operators were ill-famed for listen ining. More late the widespread usage of recognition cards and the development of recognition agencies have raised serious concerns about control over personal information. It is sensible to inquire is anything truly new? I believe the reply is # 8220 ; yes, # 8221 ; that the detonation of interrelated digital webs makes a important difference in the econo mics and feasibleness of utilizing â€Å"private† information. More of what we do is ( or can be ) input in to a computing machine system than of all time before: debit card purchases and ATM backdowns ; phone calls ; the location of your cell phone ; supermarket purchases ; where your Web browser is indicating ; where you are when you fill your auto with gas ; the toll booth you merely passed through ; and the extended information you provided when using for insurance, a new auto or a mortgage on the Web. As of import, the cost of geting, hive awaying, screening, analysing, excavation, conveying and interchanging information is falling dramatically. Most of import is the inter-operability or interconnectivity. We live in a universe of decentralized but interconnected computing machine webs. Once entered digitally, personal information potentially is available to anyone connected to the net, irrespective of where it resides. The differentiation between authorities or public and private informations is going meaningless in a universe of distributed webs. Newer informations excavation techniques allow a huge sum of information about any of us to be collected and analyzed by a broad assortment of terminal users. It is just to surmise that the Net is inherently invasive ; that the assemblage of personal information, profiling and targeted selling, which bring benefits every bit good as costs, are portion and package of E-Commerce. Internet does non map on geographic infinite. National and cultural boundary lines are irrelevant ; more of import, so is the really construct of geographic legal power. The EU recognizes that in prohibitions of informations transportations to 3rd universe states that do non run into the Directive # 8217 ; s criterions. Even go forthing aside the catastrophe that an EU-U.S. confrontation over this issue would imply, it is clear that the EU merely can non construct a wall around its boundary lines to implement its informations protection Torahs. What about American or Asiatic visitants who want to utilize thei r recognition cards in a Gallic caf? ; would every cheque with an external recognition informations base be a misdemeanor of the jurisprudence. Much more problematically, would every Web site, irrespective of where in the universe it is # 8220 ; located # 8221 ; that is accessed from Europe be capable to European jurisprudence? At least one authorization believes that to be the instance. Does that intend every Web site is capable to the Everyone # 8217 ; s jurisprudence? To no 1 # 8217 ; s jurisprudence? That every clip a European logs on to any American web site that does non run into the criterions of the EU Directive that the proprietor of that Web site is in misdemeanor? The protection of the privateness of personal information on the Web is non conformable to national or even regional solutions. The Web is a complex interconnected planetary web. At a lower limit, some grade of harmonisation of national attempts in the consequence of the jurisprudence is required. The quandary we face is the demand for planetary solutions in the face of a really existent, and really deep-rooted local differences in a political civilization, values and history. Any meaningful solution to the job of protection of personal privateness must square this circle. Absolutist places on both sides are counterproductive: Americans can non go on to reason that anything but a market based solution will drive us back into the technological dark ages and Europeans must travel beyond imitations of the American privateness environment as the # 8220 ; wild west. # 8221 ; Any effectual solution requires understanding other universe positions and more of import, credence of their cogency. We believe that and acceptable international informations privateness government will hold to concentrate on results instead than the engineering. On facts on the land instead than political orientation. On whether, at the terminal of the twenty-four hours, the net consequence is an acceptable degree of protection of privateness to the person instead than the specific agencies of achieving that aim. While this is non the topographic point for particular, elaborate recommendations, we believe that this will imply some combination of self-regulation and ordinance, possibly reinforced by privateness enabling engineerings. The privateness job is a metaphor for a more general set of jobs of administration in the age of a digital planetary economic system. Any figure of issues, including the demand for a new # 8220 ; fiscal architecture, # 8221 ; accomplishing a much needed many-sided understanding on investing, protecting the environment, human rights and worker rights require multinational solutions in the face of stark, and at times, diametrically opposed, local differences in values, belief systems and history. Again, this circle must be squared: # 8220 ; planetary # 8221 ; solutions must be found that accommodate and esteem local differences. Possibly even in this planetary age, Tip O # 8217 ; Neal, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, advice still holds: # 8220 ; all political relations is local. # 8221 ; 335

Week4-4dq4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week4-4dq4 - Essay Example There are different schools of thought on the subject. Some people feel that Open Source is actually much more dependable than conventional software, in that with more developers involved in it, there is a better chance for more perfect software. However, Gacek (2004) reports that is a fallacy and stereotype in of itself. In addition, she argues that another perceived problem is most Open Source is conceived by some hacker and it was usually mostly available for generally unpopular platforms such as Linux. The truth is, even at the time of her writing, only six years after Open Source came to be, many businesses actually employ software people to develop OS code. Moreover, since the paper, Windows based OS has overtaken Linux. One would probably say Microsoft has a vested interest in keeping Open Source off the software market. So it was interesting that one of the company’s chief engineers gave an interview with the BBC in 2006 (Marson), in which he stated that although OS has its place in society, most people consider the products substandard as compared to commercial software such as his company’s products. One of the most popular and prolific OS products today is Mozilla’s Firefox browser, a direct competitor to Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, with Google’s Chrome. In a side by side comparison of the two (Smith 2011), Firefox won handily in Appearance, Interface and Add ons. For the other categories, such as reliability, performance and industry standard IE and Firefox tied. IE did not win in any category. Therefore, it appears that the engineer’s remarks are wrong and today OS can be as dependable as commercial. As with any other venture, software projects have myriad of risks associated with them. Done right and the project team will be the darling of the company. However, if they fail, not only is it embarrassing but said failure could very well result in career loss. So for the purposes of

Waiting for a Delayed Flight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Waiting for a Delayed Flight - Essay Example The implications of such a delay are equally very costly, not only to an individual traveler but also to the flight company as well (Forbes, 2). Flight delays result from such reasons as repair and maintenance of the aircraft, security issues domestically or within the intended destination, issues stemming from the airport crew as well as possible delays in the arrival of the respective aircraft. Other causes may be such as delays in baggage loading, furling, traffic congestion and such natural calamities as unfavorable weather conditions. In the event that such unfortunate occurrences happen, passengers awaiting departure often suffer greatly. The result of delayed flight includes lateness for strategic appointments, failure to meet deadlines as well as losses from delayed delivery of perishable products among others. Besides such losses, individuals often are stranded within the airport and are likely to incur other costs such as in refreshments as well as securing personal accommo dation services in case the delay is beyond a single day. I happened to experience a flight delay in a leading African tourism destination where I spent my summer holiday last year. This formed a memorable experience in my life has never experienced such in my years of air travel. Though accompanied by my parents, I felt so much devastated by the experience because this was the first time I experienced such a delay. The airport had very disturbing loud noises from the landing and taking off air engines, which made me have a very severe headache. My parents decided to take a stroll in the neighborhood of the airport but I was unable to accompany them due to a headache I suffered. They took me to one of the waiting bays where barely anyone else was and left me lodged on a chair as is shown by the picture. This was equally no comfortable as the disturbing noises were still very loud and clear. Moreover, the sight of the landing and taking off planes kept disturbing me as the waiting ba y provided a very clear view of the running lanes.

Reading report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading report - Essay Example These fields are the information and communication field, and the health provider field. As far as these two fields are concerned, a concerted and fused background could be given in relation to the study that was undertaken, without having to give a separate background to the two fields of study. This is because, over the years, there has been great talk of the need to modernize the health sector to make it have its fair share of the technological advancements that are happening all around us (Gardener, 2009). Indeed, there have been both national and local sector reforms that have over the years ensured that health care delivery was improved and that the fulcrum of improved service was with the use of technology. If for nothing at all the digital health record system can be mentioned as a long term intervention that is being used by the health directorate to achieve improved results. There has also been the digitalization of database systems in the healthcare sector. These sector re forms indeed favor the position of IBM as an information and communication company to have a good business marriage with the health sector. The study was conducted following the qualitative method of research whereby the author made use of a lot of secondary data as compared to primary data. This is to means that the author, who also acted as the researcher of the study, did not have to depend on data coming directly from the field of study that were collected by the researcher. Rather, as part of the provisions of qualitative research, the researcher collected data from existing sources that could be trusted as reliable, authentic and empirical. To this effect, there could be several references made to people who have given different versions of accounts to how IBM strategized itself into become a global giant and surmounting the wind of economic turbulence that blew all across the globe. There exist several managerial implications of the current study. Most of these

Technology Evaluation and Recommendation Research Paper - 1

Technology Evaluation and Recommendation - Research Paper Example At the same time as dealing with these challenges, business organizations always struggle with how to defend their intellectual property by minimizing the costs and harm to brand that can result from unintended exposure of employee and customer data (Penton Media, Inc., 2012). Additionally, data and information security has come on top on the list of the main issues that are being faced by information systems executives nowadays. In this scenario, there are numerous aspects and factors that cause serious issues to data and information security. Some of the important aspects that can create serious security issues can include illegal access to a computer or network, or storage room, destruction due to fire, flood, earthquake and hurricane. At the present, a large number of researches are being carried out to determine the ways and suggest solutions to make organizational data information more secure. In fact, it is essential to deal with these issues as they can cause customersâ€℠¢ dissatisfaction or even whole business failure (Loch & Carr, 1992; Penton Media, Inc., 2012; Shulman, 2006). This report presents an analysis of the potential threats to the data and also suggests solutions for them. One of the major security issues that can cause a serious challenge for data security is excessive privilege abuse. When database or application users are provided access to databases with privileges that go beyond the needs of their working job purpose, in this scenario, these privileges can be used for carrying out illegal tasks. In addition, a given data user ends up with extreme privileges for the simple cause that database administrators do not have the time to describe as well as update rough access privilege control method for every user (Shulman, 2006). This problem can be resolved by using various techniques. One of the basic techniques is a username and password based access. Though, it is easy to use but in many cases users forget their passwords and these passwords are accessed by illegal users. Another solution to deal with this problem is the implementation of effective security measures against the excessive privileges that is established through the query-level access control. In this scenario, the query-level access control mechanism will limit database rights to minimum necessary SQL processes (UPDATE, SELECT, etc.) and data. In addition, the granularity of database access control has to expand beyond the table to specific rows of columns in a table (Shulman, 2006). Another major threat is backup data exposure. This is another most important data security problem that is based on the backup database storage media that is completely unprotected from attack. As an effect, a number of high profile and data related security breaches can happen and any person can illegally access the database backup tapes and hard disks (Ponemon, 2007). Though, username and passwords based technique can be used to deal with this issue but it is not as much effective (as discussed above). In order to deal with this issue all data backups have to be encrypted. At the present, there are numerous encryption techniques available. Some of the well-known techniques that can be used for this purpose include public key cryptography and hashing. These techniques are very effective in protecting the data (Ponemon, 2007). T

Evaluate aspects of inclusive learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Evaluate aspects of inclusive learning - Essay Example Nevertheless, when bearing in mind inclusive learning and the need for belonging, there are extra measures a teacher can take (Simpson, 2014: 1). In planning of lessons, it is significant to not only consider what is being taught and where but also how (Melbourne, 2012: 1). In order to aid the feeling of an inclusive group, a teacher can take into consideration the learning physicality of the environment and if possible change it to support inclusivity. Where suitable this could be as modest as moving desks from a theatre style to a horseshoe style or cabaret to boost group communication as well as ascertain that all students can access or perceive their teacher equally. This action is supported by Bandura’s social learning theory. This theory says that learning happens in a social context just as much as what is learned is via observation of others (Bandura, 2014:Â  1). By having seating arrangement in a way that creates clear lines of sight and simple social communication, the teacher will permit students to develop a social bond to aid learning. In conclusion, inclusive teaching is all about accommodating, recognizing, as well as meeting learning needs of all students. In addition, it acknowledges that students have a range of personal learning needs. Melbourne, L. 2012. PTLLS PGCE CTLLS Post 16 Education Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector [online] Available at: [Accessed 2 April

High school graduates Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

High school graduates - Research Paper Example Living in a time where consistent teaching regulations and youngsters are generally subjected to learn conventional and uninteresting things, there is a great deal of uncertainty in the schools with reference to what to do after high school. In general, college is the default pathway and the majority of students ‘mechanically’ put themselves on that path; however, then there are still a small number of those who appear to be in no doubt regarding what in fact they would like to study for in college. In addition, even if they are certain, experts declare that, on the whole, a student will modify his major three times or more during the track of his/her college profession. On the other hand, a lot more disturbing statistic is that one in every four freshman in school gives up prior to finishing sophomore year. The truth is that college is not for every person nor it is really considered necessary for every person and thus, pushing teens to go to college, in order to have t hem drop out is like harming them (Lee, 2001). Before a generation or two, high-school graduates seldom went on to college, yet one way or another during the years, college more or less has turned out to be a rite of way for youngsters to pass into maturity and an excellent job. However, youngsters do not have to attend college to become grown-ups and they surely do not need to go to land at first-class profession. A few alternatives for high school graduates other than just college are discussed in the following paragraphs. Gap Year There are certain things that a student can do ahead of making up his mind regarding what his long-term path is going to be; something to fill up the gap. In addition, talking about of filling in the gap, the first thing that comes to the mind is gap year. The gap year is basically a practice of channeling in Australia, as well as in the United Kingdom, although not a lot of individuals in the States have noticed it. Mainly, a gap year is a year in the middle of completing high school and starting college that is usually spent either in travelling or working as contrasting to carrying on the education without any delay. For several students, it is a year of self-awareness as well as exploration, and it provides them a little time to dwell on what they would like to do with their lives prior to going back into an educational atmosphere. It is a disgrace that this is nearly rejected within United States of America, where, for the most part, youngsters are forced to being their secondary education immediately the moment as they graduate high school. A lot of them could in fact utilize the free time (White, 2009). As in other countries, it lets students to grow up, be mature, and pull through from burn out. Alternatives take account of recognized programs for individual development. Internships In particular, there are a number of internships readily accessible for students who have started college, and who have not yet started a furt her schooling after high school. The expertise learned from an internship can be immensely helpful as it can create knowledge and familiarity, as a result probably letting students to land on a real employment. In addition, students can get the benefit from the experience, as it will be giving them awareness about the field that the internship work is in. In this regard, this will bring about interest in some specific professional path and could give students an enhanced plan with reference to what they would like to do (Noddings, 2005). Job Having a job can provide the students important experience that can give them insight into what it is they would like to be doing in the future.  In addition, students will be making money that can be reserved for schooling expenditures that student opt to do  subsequently. Nothing assists more with that changeover to maturity than holding down a permanent employment. Student’

Freedom Fighter or Terrorist Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Freedom Fighter or Terrorist - Research Paper Example Many resistance organizations have been put on the official list of terrorist organizations of the United States and among these are Hezbollah and Hamas. Among Palestinians, members of these organizations are considered to be freedom fighters who are fighting for the liberation of their homeland. Hezbollah and Hamas have been fighting against Israel for decades and this has mainly been because of Jewish occupation of lands that are believed to be legitimately Palestinian. As a result, these organizations have come to gain a reputation of being the only legitimate defenders of Palestinian interests in a world which many Palestinians believe has abandoned them. Hezbollah is based in Lebanon and has been an active participant in the affairs of this country for decades as a representative of the Shia sect. with massive funding from Iran, this organization has been able to develop an armed wing which is extremely competent and has managed to hold its own against the far superior Israeli a rmy (Saad-Ghorayeb 168). This can be attested through its performance in the 2006 Israel-Lebanese war where Hezbollah played a significant role in ensuring that the Israeli military did not get a foothold in Lebanon. In some cases, Hezbollah has been praised for ensuring that, according to some analysts, that the war became so costly for Israel that it had to withdraw from Lebanon. It was after this war that Hezbollah’s credibility within Lebanon in the twenty first century was firmly established in the political sphere where this organization has become an active participant. While Hezbollah is still considered to be a terrorist organization by some western states, especially the United States, it has managed, through its popularity, to successfully field candidates in Lebanese elections. A result of its involvement in politics has been

Kobe Bryant vs Michael Jordan Essay Example for Free

Kobe Bryant vs Michael Jordan Essay At the age of 33, Jordan had played only 10 seasons while Bryant has played 16. Two of those seasons for Jordan saw him playing in less then 20 games. While Jordan left North Carolina after his junior season, Bryant entered the league right out of high school. Therefore Bryant basically has a three-year head start on his NBA career. Jordan only played 15 seasons compared to Bryants 16 yet he scored nearly 3,000 more points, 800 steals, 300 blocks, 200 assists and 500 rebounds. Bryant has played in 89 more games than Jordan. One more stat to throw at you: Jordan shot 49. percent from the field for his career while Bryant has shot only 45. 3 percent. Maybe you dont like stats. Maybe you feel trophies on the mantle judge greatness. Jordan led the league in scoring 10 times. He led the league in steals three times and also was named the Defensive Player of the Year once. Also lets not forget his five regular season MVPs and his six NBA Championships to go along with his six Finals MVPs. Bryant has led the league in scoring twice, and while he has been named to an All-Defensive team 12 times, he has never won the Defensive Player of the Year. While he has won five NBA Championships, he has only been named the Finals MVP twice. Bryant won the regular season MVP once. So Jordan has the edge in the stats as well as the trophy count. He also did the unthinkable and came out of retirement twice. His first retirement nearly lasted two seasons while the second last three years. Now while I pointed out errors in the video, the biggest error it made was show not how great Kobe Bryant is but how great Michael Jordan was. They say imitation is the greatest form of flattery and the video clearly shows that Bryant has tried his best to be like Mike. I know this article wont end this debate. While is easy to prove Jordans greatness now, in a few years Bryant will or should hold the edge in every statistical category. Also with the additions of Steve Nash and Dwight Howard, he could surpass Jordan in the title count. Whatever happens over the next few years, one thing wont change. In my opinion Michael Jordan is not only the greatest shooting guard but is by far the greatest player I have ever seen, but that is just my humble opinion.

“Theory to Practice” Questions Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Theory to Practice† Questions Essay Read the â€Å"Theory to Practice† section at the end of Ch. 6 of the text. Answer Questions 1 through 6 based on the scenario in the â€Å"Theory to Practice† section, and complete the following in your response: †¢At the end of the scenario, BTT states that it is not interested in distributing Chou’s new strategy game, Strat. Assuming BTT and Chou have a contract, and BTT has breached the contract by not distributing the game, discuss what remedies might or might not apply. At what point, if ever, did the parties have a contract? I do not believe that the parties ever had a contract. The scenario stated that the parties reached an oral agreement 3 days before the 90-day deadline that was stipulated in the negation contract. The exclusive negotiation agreement stipulated that no distribution contract existed unless it was in writing. Although a BTT manager sent Chou an e-mail that repeated the key terms of the distribution agreement, I do not believe this counts as a contract as being in writing because there are no signatures and Chou did not agree to it after he saw the e-mail even though he agreed to it orally. No contract was ever officially drafted in writing and agreed upon by both parties (signatures). What facts may weight in favor of or against Chou in terms of the parties’ objective intent to contract? The fact that BTT paid Chou $25,000 for exclusive negotiation rights would leave Chou to believe that BTT was serious about following through with a distribution contract. This fact would weigh in Choi’s favor. Unfortunately, even though the parties had an oral agreement, no written agreement was ever drafted within the timeframe stipulated on the negotiation agreement. The parties did have seem to have an objective intent to contract, but unfortunately, when new management came in, they were not interested in distributing Strat, and since there was no written contract, I believe they were within their rights to turn Chou away. Does the fact that the parties were communicating by e-mail have any impact on your on your analysis in Questions 1 and 2 (above)? No, the fact that the parties were communicating by e-mail did not have any impact on my analysis. E-mail is just that, e-mail. It is not a written contract; it is just another form of communication. These e-mails just sound like written communications that need to be put in the written contract and signed by all parties. Just because BTT sent, an e-mail outlining their verbal agreement with Chou does not make it a valid contract until it is in writing and signed by the parties involved. What role does the statute of frauds play in this contract? Under the UCC, the statue of frauds applies to any contract for the sale of goods for $500.00 or more. Obviously, the negotiations between BTT and Chou are for more than $500.00, so the statute of frauds would apply here. For common law contracts, in general, the statute of frauds applies to contracts that cannot be performed in less than one year. Therefore, the statute would apply to this contract. The one element that is uniformly required is a signature of the party against whom enforcement of the contract is sought. There were no signatures to finalize the contract between BTT and Chou. Some courts have ruled that e-mails constitute signed writings within the meaning of statute of frauds since the name at the end of the e-mail signifies intent to authenticate its content. In this scenario, it is somewhat hard to come to this conclusion because it did not say if Chao responded to the e-mail containing the outline of the contract, which would have passed for his signature accordin g to some courts. Could BTT avoid this contract under the doctrine of mistake? Explain. Would either party have any other defenses that would allow the contract to be avoided? BTT could not avoid this contract under the doctrine on mistake. A mistake is defined in contract law as a belief that is not in accord with the facts. I do not believe that the doctrine of mistake would have any bearing in this scenario. BTT’s best defense would be that Chou never signed any agreement in writing or via e-mail. They could say that Chou never agreed to this contract because there was no signature as according to the statute of frauds. Chou could argue that he did not believe there was an agreement since several months had passed since he heard from BTT. Assuming, argue do, that this e-mail does not constitute an agreement, what consideration supports this agreement? I think the fact that BTT gave Chou $25,000 for exclusive negotiating rights shows that BTT had the intent of signing a contract with Chou. The two parties also reached an initial oral agreement although oral agreements are hard to prove in court. BTT also sent Chou a fax asking him to send a draft for a distribution agreement contract. At the end of the scenario, BTT states that it is not interested in distributing Chou’s new strategy game, Strat. Assuming BTT and Chou have a contract, and BTT has breached the contract by not distributing the game, discuss what remedies might, or might not apply. If BTT and Chou had a contract and BTT had breached the contract by not distributing the game, certain remedies might apply; specifically equitable remedies. Specific performance could be used to order BTT to render the promised performance by ordering them to take a specific action. Chou would also be able to seek compensatory damages. This would include out-of-pocket damages and potential profits that would have been earned if performance had occurred.

21st Century Situational Ethics

21st Century Situational Ethics Although the term Situational Ethics only seems to appear in Joseph Fletchers book named Situation Ethics: The New Morality in 1966, partial and similar ideas of situational ethics have been in the mind of others earlier before. Such as will be Durant Drake that published The New Morality, Emil Brunner with his published work Divine Imperative as well as Reinhold Niebuhr with his Moral Man and Immoral Society. During the same year where Fletcher published his book, John Robinson published his book named Honest to God. Although as equally popular as Fletchers book, it was Fletchers book that seemed simpler and less systematic. In 1952, The Roman Catholic Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office labeled this new principle as the new morality. Pros and cons of situational ethics Similar to other ethical principles, Situational Ethics has its pros and cons as well. To make things simple, following are the pros and cons of the Fletchers Model of Situation Ethics that is based upon Christian Love:- Advantages:- Situational Ethics is personal. Since Situational Ethics is based on the teachings that ethical decisions should be made based on flexible guidelines it demonstrates sensitivity towards circumstances, context, particularity and cultural traditions; besides, it has only a single basic principle to adhere to, love, so people can freely, easily, and creatively make their decisions in the various situations among the numerous alternatives available. Thus, this ethical theory may seem attractive to the many individualistic human beings exist in this modern era. Situational Ethics is specific. In Situational Ethics moral decisions are made on a case-by-case basis as in there is no fixed solution to various cases. Therefore, decisions made depend on the situation one is in and the solution to each situation is unique. (why is this good? Justify more) Situational Ethics about goodness. Love is supposed to be a good element and Situational Ethics teaches that right acts are those which are targeted to promote the well being of people (love). According to Situational Ethics, the well being of people can be promoted by maximizing human welfare and happiness that would be beneficial to individuals or a society. Disadvantages:- Love is vague and abstract. Although theoretically Situational Ethics is based on Christian love, but the term love in this principle does not have any definite meaning; every individual is unique by him or herself and every of them feels and interpret love in very different ways which may be due to different living environments, upbringing methods, genetics, and cultures. If everyone was to practice Situational Ethics, it might lead to confusion and therefore very inconsistent outcomes. For example, two very dissimilar decisions might be made in two very similar situations by two different people because their loves are not the same. Situational Ethics is very subjective and emotional-based. Love is a type of emotion and not some kind of reasoning element; because emotions are very individual-based, it is impossible for two persons to feel and express love in exactly the same way. It is generally agreed by ethicists that any ethical theory should be based mainly on reasons. So how can such a subjective-based Situational Ethics be tenable then in 21st century? Definitely people will involve some kind of biasness due to personal feelings when making decisions under such ethical principle; thus, fairness or justice cannot be upheld in Situational Ethics. Love by Fletcher was Self-Contradicting. According to Fletcher, he based his model upon the basic principle, love as interpreted in the new Testament of Bible, God is Love. This statement makes Situational Ethics reasonable at first glance, but actually in the very next chapter of the same Bible, there is another statement says so, This is the love of God, that we keep His commandments. And His commandments are not burdensome. This latter statement is encouraging its believers to follow Divine Command Laws, is it not? Due to this, it makes Fletcher together with its Situational Ethics to be less convincing. Situational Ethics is difficult to implement. Like Act Consequentialism, Situation Ethics is not a practical ethical theory in a society as each situation is so different from another that if this system was to be implemented, then when a person faced a moral dilemma, he or she would need a considerable amount of time to consider what was the best action that could bring out the most love. Besides, it is often very difficult to determine what are the boundaries of every situation as well (like when did the situation begin and end). Furthermore, such ethical system that is so relativistic and has only one basic principle often produces very inconsistent results and thus is very challenging to be taught to the younger generations too. Situational Ethics may be misused by some in names of love. Based on Situation Ethics, any particular action does not have an inherent moral value as its good or bad depends on the results or the consequences of the action. Therefore, it seems that situation ethics allows a person to carry out acts that are normally classified as bad, such as killing and robbing, if those acts could be justified to be the expression of love by the committer. To summarize up, Situational Ethics is far too impractical in its own sense and possesses too many obvious flaws. In this 21st century where moral dilemmas simply become more and more complex, this ethical theory, if applied universally, will only produce more instability and disorder in this world. In short, it will definitely not be the best ethical principle to follow. To further advocate our standing, we have continued to do research and found out some problems and issues regarding Situational Ethics. Q: What are some of the issues or problems with Situational Ethics? Issues and Problems of Situational Ethics Is there a proper standard of value in determining the good? In the Fletcher model, moral agents are asked to calculate which action in a particular situation will produce the greatest amount of goods (love) for the greatest number of people. However, this method cannot be applied without some standards of value to aid figuring out the good and bad effects and then in balancing them; without clarifying the proper standards, what good deeds ought to be done in the situation cannot be determined. Besides, Fletcher came to say that he has said enough when he identified human welfare as the standard of value. As an example, he has substituted human welfare for pleasure as the standard of evaluation of both ends and effects, impliedly stating that human welfare is the ultimate love that can be given to other people in any situation. However, it is not clear that Fletchers appeal to human welfare will suffice. Will other religious people and atheists be convinced to follow Situational Ethics? As has been mentioned before, the main source of the theory of Situational Ethics is the Christians holy bible. Its original basic principle, love which has been interpreted by Fletcher was largely influenced by its own faith in Christianity. For example, Fletcher saw love as the Holy Spirit for himself. But what does Holy Spirit mean for other religious people? Do atheists even recognize the existence of Holy Spirit? Indeed, it is true that love exists in any society and culture and so non-Christian people can actually apply this ethical theory in their life as well; however, its Christianity origin may deter part if not all of these people from trusting in this ethical theory because it does seem to have some biasness in its interpretation of love. 3. Can people always act out of love and suppress their self-interests? This is one of the main problems that relates to the practicality of Situational Love Ethics. According to Fletcher, the love he suggested should mean the largest possible care of the well being of others; however, is it really possible for all human beings to set their self-interests aside and be as objective as possible when analyzing each situation? As mentioned, love is a kind of emotion and everyone feels and expresses it distinctively from another. The usual loves people give out are for families and friends. So what if in the specific moral dilemma context, someone a person loves a lot is involved? Can he or she really willing to sacrifice that important person for the sake of the majority and act in the most loving way? 4. Do ends always justify the means? Situational Ethics is very similar to Consequentialism in the way that both emphasize the prediction of the future and the end consequences that could happen, and then only decide on the action that could bring out the most desired outcome. As such, Situational Ethics shares the very same problem with Consequentialism as well: will any mean used to achieve the end be justifiable? In many circumstances, some living beings might need to be sacrificed for the sake of the majority. For example, in order to find out the most effective medicine to cure AIDS which affects millions of people, can scientists be allowed to use the fastest way (use selected human beings to conduct experiments) to achieve that goal? These scientists might consider that as the most loving way to act because they are trying to save millions of people in the end by merely risking a few human lives. But can this really be justifiable? 5. People prefer to have a more Secure Environment Situational Ethics consists of only one and only absolute basic principle to guide the general population; thus, it seems to abolish all the existing rules and laws that exist in every culture. If people were allowed to break the rigid rules and laws when they found that their actions could be justified in names of love (or some other absolute norms), werent those laws and rules be unenforceable anymore? This is definitely going to be a very risky ethical theory to apply because in this 21st century, where the societies and human populations are so complex, without definite laws and rules, people will only feel confused and chaos will happen everywhere. Thus, such a relativistic moral system seems not to be a better choice if compared to some other more absolutistic ethical systems. Best Ethical Principle/ System Q: What do you think would be the best ethical principle for your group to follow? A: After discussion, our group comes to agree that an ethical theory that combines the Confucius Virtue Ethics with the authors (Thiroux and Krasemann) Humanitarian Ethics will be the best for us to follow. After discussion, our group members have reached the agreement that Confucius Virtue Ethics combined with the Ethics textbooks authors Humanitarian Ethics will be the best moral system for our group to believe in and practice, mainly because of the fact that its main purpose is to create humans that implant good moral characters in themselves, or in short is to create virtuous human beings. In this 21st century, many ethicists have come to believe that humans have become more morally corrupted and morality is dying or even dead. In our modern world, people have tried to build up a moral society mainly through the act of establishing various rules and laws, but sadly that has been proven to be pretty ineffective; thus, both rule consequentialism and non-consequentialism principles will not be the best ethical principle to follow. In order to resolve this problem, Virtue Ethics is suggested to be applied universally because its main aim is to construct human beings that are truly ethical and excellent from within, not relying on outside forces such as rigid rules and laws. Virtue Ethics requires its believers to act virtuously and make it a habit; they practice what they do because they realize those acts are morally right and not because they are forced to. If everyone was to follow Virtue Ethics, then the dream of creating a moral society will be more likely to be reali zed. Humans are social beings who do not live in isolation; generally, they are dependent among each other. Thus, Virtue Ethics is advantageous as well in this case. Confucius Virtue Ethics has 4 main elements in total: De, Shu, Li and Ren, all of which are crucial to achieving social harmony. De means the virtue acts to be practiced by individuals so as to bring the great goodness to the people surrounding. Shu teaches people to reciprocate among each other, suggesting that distribution of justice is to be practiced. Li provides guidance to act appropriately in different contexts and to respect others, especially the higher authorities and therefore contributes to social stability. Lastly, Ren tries to compromise individuals interests with that of societys, in which enhances human interrelationships and promotes humane behavior; for example, it includes the Silver Rule (not to do to others what you do not wish to be done upon yourself), which can be used to test whether an action should be taken or not in any particular situation. In overall, as you can see, Confucius Virtue Ethics is very humanistic and social-based, which makes it seems very ideal in our current diversified and complex societal world. For example, if leaders in this 21st century were to follow Confucius Virtue Ethics, then their followers will be more likely to show loyalty to them because the leaders are doing right and are concerned about their respective followers instead of merely using coercive or tyranny methods. One of the basic assumptions made by Thiroux and Krasemann, the authors of our Ethics textbook that any workable ethical principle should have is to be rationally based and yet does not eliminate emotion; indeed, Confucius Virtue Ethics is one that has this characteristic. It is an undeniable fact that many moral decisions involve emotional elements, and this ethical principle tries to achieve a balance in between reason and emotion; not only that it urges people to act virtuously, but it also wants its followers to feel good about their deeds. Besides, that, Confucius Virtue Ethics also fulfills other basic assumptions made and thus really seems to be a very practical ethical principle: logically consistent, has universality, and can be taught to the younger generations. Of course, Confucius Virtue Ethics is not flawless. One of its main problems is how to define what virtue means and what does it constitute? Many people will have very different opinions about which acts can be considered as virtuous. To solve or lessen this problem, perhaps a group of experts can sit together and discuss about what should comprise virtuous acts and then make out a list of virtues (and vices) to guide the general population what they should (and should not) do. Another main problem about Confucius Virtue Ethics is that it does not really fulfill the fifth basic assumption mentioned by textbooks authors in which a workable moral system should have: ability to solve conflicts. Although Virtue Ethics can serve as a good guideline about what goodness comprises of, it does not provide instructions for us about how to set priorities when two goodness conflict and how to solve moral dilemmas properly. This is when our group members all think the authors Humanitarian Ethics with its 5 basic principles come to be useful (source: Ethics textbook by Thiroux and Krasemann):- 1. The Principle of Appreciating Human Life (primary) 2. The Principle of Doing Good and Avoid/Deter Doing Bad (primary) 3. The Principle of Fairness in Distribution (secondary) 4. The Principle of Honesty (secondary) 5. The Principle of Individual Freedom (secondary) While critically analyzing and reasoning a conflicting or complicating moral situation, it is said that the first two primary principles should be given the priority first, then only consider those in the secondary category; if the conflicting principles are in the same category (for instance in the case of mercy killing), then the individuals freedom of choice will come into play. This reasoning method is very compatible with Confucius Virtue Ethics because as can be noted, virtues can all actually be the goodness that are required in the second principle. Thus, in short, all the virtues taught in Confucius Virtue Ethics can be used by the general population as their daily-routine guidelines and when exceptional situations happen, people can use these 5 basic principles to make justifiable moral decision judgment. Hence in conclusion, our group believes that the combination of both Confucius Virtue Ethics and the authors Humanitarian Ethics is perfect because this combined version of moral system can not only fulfill all the basic assumptions for an ethical theory to be practical, but if it is implemented well, it can also create many ethical and excellent human beings that can live harmoniously with each other.

Change Management Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Companies and organizations are changing continually to be more efficient in what they do. Change is not always readily accepted. Many people like to stay where they are and become comfortable with their current position. Business writers and managers have stated that unless organizations continue to change, they will become stale and inefficient. There have been many change management initiatives such as Total Quality Management, Six Sigma, and the Japanese Kaizen. Although these initiatives carry different names and slightly different processes, they all have a few elements in common. The most important elements for successful change management, as emphasized by the course text Human Resources Management in Canada and John P. Kotter’s article Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail, are time, sufficient communication, and understanding the urgency for change.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Change is gradual; it takes time for things to change. It has been said that, â€Å"Rome wasn’t built in a day.† This is true for the business world as well. We simply cannot expect things to change overnight. Kotter has argued that it would more reasonable to allow a few years in order to fully allow the change process to unfold. Management should give themselves a large window of time to schedule in change. If they believe that they can make a large change over-night, they are merely fooling themselves of their capacity to manage. No matter how good a ma...

Teatro Campensino :: Mexico Spanish Essays

Teatro Campensino Teatro Campensino can be described as an artistic outreach program with political ramifications, the actors are farm workers that find it necessary to spread their message throughout villages composed primarily of poor, Mexican farm workers. The group performs skits that attack "white-washed Mexicans", the Vietnam War, and racism. In "Los Vendidos", director and writer Luis Valdez tackles issues that have plagued Mexican- American history. In fact, by analyzing his play one can deduce several social stigmas and draw parallels to the actual history through the character skits in the play. Furthermore, in order to analyze this play one must delve into the setting, name, characters, and the social ramifications of their situations in order to fully incorporate the scope that this play affects. The name of the play itself has social and political ramifications, that is it reflects the Mexican situation throughout history. Furthermore, the literal meaning of the title is quite ambivilous, "venderse" means to sellout, to betray, or to give away. This can be applied to how Mexicans are treated by Americans and other Mexicans. For instance, Mexicans have been discriminated against for generations, ever since the Spanish conquest. They have been "repatriated" into Mexico during the 1930s, and they have never received the same political or social programs that Anglo- Americans have, such as schools. However, it has also become evident that Mexicans have discriminated against each other throughout the years for various reasons. One of the most prevalent was the schism in the Mexican community between the "American- born of Mexican Parents†¦", "†¦those born and raised in Mexico†¦", and "†¦the largest group were those born in the United States whose parental line age ran back to the original settlers and the early immigrants of the Southwest." (Morin qtd. in Vargas 305). The Old Mexicans, those that were living in the present day United States were somewhat assimilated and accepted by Anglo- Americans because they were a good source of labor. However, the migratory patterns of Mexican immigrants, legal and illegal, allowed the farm owners greater accessibility to a cheap labor force. In fact, the migrations sent the wage of a farmhand to the basement and the Old Mexicans resented this phenomenon. Another way in which this play explores the social and political history of the Mexican-American is through the analysis of the set. For instance, in the window "Honest Sanchos Used Mexicans" indicates that the stereotypical Mexicans "sold" in the store are accurate representations of all Mexicans.

This Way To The Gas versus On My First Son Essay -- Tadeusz Borowski B

The short story, â€Å"This Way To The Gas, Ladies And Gentlemen† by Tadeusz Borowski and the poem â€Å"On My First Son† by Ben Johnson, both deal with death. They are very different types of death and are told in different ways but through some similar approaches, a similar feeling is portrayed to the reader of each. One of the first similarities of the two is that they are both told in the first person as well as being personal accounts. Ben speaks, as himself, about the death of his son and Borowski tells of events at a death camp that he was in during WWII. They both tell their stories through their own voices which adds a lot to the experience of reading. It allows the reader to except just how real the story is. Once the reader accepts that, then the reader is able to more fully understand and relate to the feelings of the authors especially because of how reality based they are. For example, in â€Å"On My First Son†, when Johnson says â€Å"Oh, could I lose all father now!†(Johnson, ln.5), the reader is able to feel the deep sorrow in that line. That is because it is told to the reader by Ben Johnson, the father of a dead son. When the story is made that personal, it is impossible to not share the passionate feelings that are expressed. Borowski causes this type of reaction i n the reader as well but in a more indirect way. He does through his personal descriptions rather than personal expressions of feelings. One example is when he describes the dead babies in the box cars and explain...

Case Study of Architect Laurence Loh

THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM Behind every good designer lies beds upon beds of abstract idea, critical thought and determination devising in which determines his architectural sentiments and determinations ; that said is axiomatic, but one can chew over and be intrigued by the impressions of what lies beyond those beds of ideas, the concluding behind ground. In other words, do we non all experience both internal and external influences in our lives that cast and determine our worldview which in bend influences the manner we wish to ‘deal’ with the universe? That I think could be said for anyone, including designers and how life’s experiences determine their making of architecture. The Hagiographas in this essay intent to neither self-praise nor knock about an designer and their edifices, but instead to speculate or propose certain thoughts about an architect’s making of architecture. More specifically, what is analyzed and discussed in the essay are what are termed ‘internal†™ and ‘external’ influences on an designers design, that is the ego of the designer which includes the architect’s childhood, instruction and working experiences, and other external lending factors such as clime, theoretical discourses of architecture, clients, political relations, etc. Through the survey and review of these factors could we undercover or detect an implicit in subject, form or impression in the architect’s creative activity of architecture. The designer to be analysed in this essay is the well-respected Ar Laurence Loh. Born in Penang in the 1950’s, Ar Laurence is known worldwide of one of the taking innovators in architectural preservation and saving of heritage. Graduate of the besides world-famous Architectural Association in London, Ar Laurence is most celebrated for the Restoration of the Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion in Penang. A member of assorted societies and public capacities for architectural heritage and preservation, Ar Laurence besides presently runs a pattern in Penang registered as LLA Arkitek Sdn Bhd which engages in both preservation and modern-day plants. The undertaking to be discussed here is the modern extension to the historical Penang Hill Lower Station at Air Itam. Ar Laurence was engaged to plan an extension to the historical colonial edifice of the lower train station which serves as the chief entry point to the popular and historically of import countries of Penang Hill, which was established as a colonial hill station by the British decennaries ago. What resulted was a modern construction of steel and cloth which replaced the old frontage of doric columns and arches. The two images below show the drastic alteration in character and sense of topographic point before and after the modern extension was finished. Before the construct of this essay, a thorough and full probe into the internal factors of the ego, as described in the paragraphs before, was already carried out in the classs of Ar Laurence’s childhood, instruction and working experience. Therefore, the chief purpose of the subdivision here is to research, describe and analyse the 2nd half of influences that is the external factors on an architect’s making of architecture. Three separate factors were selected, viz. the reinforced signifier of the undertaking, the influence of clime on the design and eventually guess on architectural theory that could hold informed the development of the extension. Built signifier, in the definition of this analysis, includes all bing edifices, new and old, that can be found on site at the minute. Therefore, as we can see in the analysis diagrams, it is cardinal to indicate out that the historical constructions of colonial architecture were really much preserved in their original province ; stuffs, placement of structural elements like columns, programme of infinites, etc. all seemed to hold been maintained absolutely in topographic point and no via media was given in aftermath of the building of the extension. Rather, it could be asserted that the extension was designed to concentrate on continuity of infinites, adding on extra room to infinites that originally existed in the station, and to besides add on new programmatic and experiential infinites to rejuvenate the energy of the lower station, perchance to pull a greater figure of tourer and visitants to come to Penang Hill. This could be seen in the infinites that were extended and the infinites that were introduced to the site. For illustration, the old ticketing counter and waiting room was given a much larger infinite under the shadiness of the new steel construction, likely to suit a greater sum of people that were anticipated to see the site. Besides, being the cardinal experiential infinite that drives the new energy of the station is the recreational country with the big volume of infinite as created by the attention-getting retractable canopy roof. The ample shadiness provided by the canopy and monumental sense of graduated table generated when standing under the roof construction helps to bring forth that new attraction that draws people to the site, a new character that didn’t exist before on site, in blunt contrast to the unfastened infinite typology of the old frontage of the lower station. Materiality in the modern extension besides plays a important portion in the coevals of renewed involvement in the site. The combination of steel and cloth in its construction and materiality greatly contrasts with the brick and concrete frame construction of the original lower station, making an inherit attention-grabbing factor. Traveling on, we now turn our attending towards the clime factor, and how it has affected the design of the extension. As mentioned before, the original construction consisted of a big unfastened infinite or garnering country in the Centre that was unfastened to and exposed to the elements. It is normally known to all that Malaysia is a tropical clime with many yearss of sun exposure and sometimes it could acquire highly hot and the heat could go intolerable. The big canopy roof construction added provides that much needed shadiness from the scorching beams of the Sun and besides from bad conditions. However, other than that, the design doesn’t seems to hold much more consideration towards clime, due to the glowering fact as exposed in the analysis diagrams of a deficiency of good cross airing in the side. Though there is proviso for hot air to get away through the stack airing consequence, there isn’t good cross airing through the edifice, due to a deficiency of gaps o n both windward and leeward faces. The modern extension does nil to work out this issue ; it doesn’t let for new gaps, nor does it build architectural elements like air current walls to catch predominating zephyrs into the infinite. Predominating air currents from the nor'-east hold a much more di ­fficult clip acquiring into the infinite, obstructed by solid concrete walls with really small gaps for natural airing. Third, in the concluding factor of the three external influences, the architectural theory will be discussed. It mentions about three different architectural discourses, viz. retinal architecture, the acquisitions from Las Vegas, and capitalist economy in architecture. As implied in the context of the reinforced signifier influence, the architecture of the modern extension has a certain capitalist spirit to it, in that it generates a new energy of topographic point to pull the attending of people to the old site of Penang Hill, conveying in concern and an economic encouragement to the topographic point. At first glimpse, it could be said that the clients have the say in the determination devising of the design phase, and as Michael Sorkin mentioned so truthfully, designers are typically bound to the caprices of their clients. Is this so in Ar Laurence’s instance? If one looked at the instance from the surface, it would be a sensible decision to come to. So far, we have explored some external factors that could hold affected the design of the extension to the lower station of Penang Hill. Some of these logical thinkings may hold implied the impression that Ar Laurence may hold sold out to capital greed and instead than continue his ain rules of keeping a scruples in architecture, he was to yield to the demands of the client over keeping a quality of architecture that matches his criterions. Others point in the opposite way, demoing the quality of Ar Laurence and what he is known for, that is the saving of heritage, seen in how the extension does non overpower and steep the historical colonial edifice, but to a good grade built in harmoniousness with the site and its milieus. Such contradictions exist in the same design, but could it be that these contradictions were made consciously? As he has mentioned before, Ar Laurence does non sell out for the interest of money in his architecture, for he does non see architecture as a agency of going rich. However, if such is true, so why would he hold to planing a modern extension at a historical topographic point that is non merely so out of context for the site, but which is designed with a commercial oculus to it, that is to plan something brassy in order to pull more concern? Why non make what he does best and continue the original historical construction or reconstruct it to its former glorification alternatively of simply keeping its physical signifier for the interest of sentimentalism? What does it intend to purposefully belie oneself, and what how does it play out in the populace oculus? What could be the effects of that, particularly since Ar Laurence is an established and respected public figure? Covering with the populace is something Laurence has ever had a aberrant manner of covering with. As with some of his other preservation undertakings, he has mentioned that he conserves non to simply protect the memory of the topographic point and of its history, but in saving comes moving ridges of alteration. Now, he defines ‘waves of change’ as alteration in idea, alteration in sentiment, alteration in the heads of people in how they perceive and value their heritage and traditional values. Here once more we see the contradiction that so glaringly purports to inform the design of the extension to the lower station. How can preservation lead to alter? It could be interpreted that Laurence utilizes the modern extension as an attractive force of the ocular sense to capture attending and draw people to the infinite, due to the suppressing oculus playing the hegemonic function in architectural pattern above all other senses. The extension contrasts and stands out in the or iginally historical and natural context, emulating the symbolism and decorated caducous consequence as talked about in Venturi’s Learning from Las Vegas. This could reply for the logical thinking behind the commerciality of the infinite. It’s non that Laurence got muscled out by the client or fell to his ain greed for money, it is that he utilized looking contradictory patterns to acquire people to see the infinite. This leads us to our following point, in that the topographic point that Ar Laurence is seeking to take people to is one that is strongly related to the spirit of topographic point, the history of Penang. Possibly, in my sentiment, continuing the original construction in the aftermath of a modern extension leaves a wonder in people, it creates an internal duologue from which inquiries of chew overing are born, invariably inquiring what made the historical construction such an of import consideration to hold been preserved? This relates back to Ar Laurence’s statement of saving for alteration, in that the creative activity of duologue in the public kingdom brings more attending towards architectural heritage. But in our modern twenty-four hours and age, that is a difficult thing to accomplish. Ar Laurence’s solution? Insurgent methods of utilizing brassy architecture to convey focal point to the history and values of topographic point. In the terminal, it is theorized that Ar Laurence, through apparently contradictory and insurgent methods, purposes to bring forth a public sentiment on his attractive and out of context modern extension of the colonial edifices found at the lower station of Penang Hill, in order to convey attending towards the historical values of topographic point. In the terminal nevertheless, what matters is that the extension acts as a super ­cial method of pulling people to the topographic point ; the original edifice is still to the full experienced one time the users go past the forepart frontage and initial infinites, pulling more people to see history and their heritage. Reference list Arkitek LLA. ( 2008 ) .LLA. 1sterectile dysfunction. Malaya: Arkitek LLA Sdn Bhd. ARKITEK LLA. ( 2010 ) . Penang Hill Lower Station Modern Extension. Retrieved 15 June 2014, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lla.com.my/ Davies, C. ( 2011 ) . Thinking About Architecture: An debut to architectural theory. City Road, London: Laurence King Printing Hong Kong University. ( 2011 ) .Curriculum Vitae: Laurence Loh Kwong Yu.Retrieved 23 May 2014, from hypertext transfer protocol: //acp.arch.hku.hk/people/Laurence % 20CV.htm Pallasma, J. ( 2005 ) .Eyess of the Skin.Ontario, Canada: John Wiley & A ; Sons.

Should Doctors Help Patients Die?

Physician aided purpose has al charges been a polemic sleep with in the United States that rough succeed as a moral, ethical, religious, and sound issue. In any discussion most medico help felo-de-se it is grievous that the language is clear. Physician assist finish is the subprogram that a diligent authorizes as a result of the voluntary ingestion of a fatal dose of medication that a sterilize has ordinated for that purpose. Assisted stopping point is distinguished from euthanasia in that it unavoidably involved an individual who is capable physically of taking his or her living and does so with doer provided by a nonher person.Physician back up goal was legalized by operating theatres finis with lordliness be active in 1994 and enacted in 1997. This act allows terminally delirious patients to obtain and drop prescriptions to self- grapple allowhal doses of medications. Although it is settle down r atomic number 18 in the state, between 14 and forty-six battalion die each(prenominal) course of study by atomic number 101 assisted death ( prettify). operating theatres expiry with dignity portrayal allows us to appraise the justice assessing the arguments towards whether or non mendelevium assisted death should be legalized.Most of Oregons wellnesss professionals may agree with the patients take besides they lack intimate fri sackship on their values and reasoning for their alternatives. The organization, leniency and Choices of Oregon, is dedicated to expanding the choices at the end of conduct, and off-keyers counsellor and support to those who qualify for physician assisted death. Compassions and Choices of Oregon, evaluates feedback from family members to obtain information on why they felt their family members break upd to fulf bad their PAD call for. injuryonize to families results, with the top median score, the most important reasons patients abide byd PAD need, patients wanted to obligat e the circumstance of death and die at stand, they worried about loss of dignity, early loss of independence, timber of vivification, and self- complaint ability. Ganzini, Goy, & Dobscha propose if thither is better end of life tuition in homes helping patients maintain defy, independence, and self- maintenance in a home environment this may be en exploitive means of addressing some serious request for physician assisted deaths.Interventions chiffonier help patients act upon if they potful accord with symptoms and mould them touch sensation more comfortable helping them to make their decision. Some argue that patients are low lack social support, and vulnerable groups wrick to PAD as their and close option. Although the decease with lordliness Act empowers individuals to experience the timing of their death, physician assisted death solace remains a contr all oversial effect in todays society that raises some ethical questions. Choosing their passel of deat h.The Oregon act went through worldly concerny obstacles when implementing the law to make safeguards to ensure that the law provides requirements so that it exit not be ab practice sessiond. A major concern is about laws allowing physician assisted death is that they would spread floodgates of nation requesting such assistance, in that respectfore make a slippery slop effect. The Health Division Report indicated that in 1998,23 pot accepted such prescriptions, 15 of whom engaged them in hastening death during a person in which approximately 28,900 mountain died in Oregon. These numbers suggest that only an extremely small percentage of people (. 5% or 5 people in 100,000) who dies in Oregon received assistance under the act. (Batavia, 2000). Patients who are applying for the substance abuse of physician-assisted death w liverish be possessed of to borrow strict regulations and fork out physicians, therapist, and family members consent to the choice of the patient. Al l patients and wellness care professionals bedevil to commit that they give be in full compliance with the law and follow the procedures. Debates over the PAD also very much warn of a slippery lurch predicting abuse of vulnerable groups such as poor people, minorities, natural depression, women, and uninsurable individuals.Depression can often generation develop among terminally charge patients when they embark on to loss their ability to care for themselves. According to Gazini, Goy, & Dobscha (2007) study on family members show no indication that the desire for hastened death has no association with depression or depression disorder. Oregons law requires that the patients essential strike a intellectual health evaluation to make certain that they are not hapless from any mental illnesses. Battin, et at, (2007) research the different vulnerable groups wake that thither is no heightened risk among uninsured people, women, elderly, poor, and low educational status. Term inally ill college graduates in Oregon were 7. 6 times more likely to die with physician assistance than those without a high develop diploma. The research is completed among people brisk in the Netherlands and Oregon where physician assisted death is legal and practiced. From data of patients over the course of studys they show no accession among requests among vulnerable groups. One of the most clear arguments is that health care providers are suppositional to save livesnot take them. (de Vocht & Nyatanga, 2007). The Hippocratic oath is one of the oldest documents that are pacify sacred by physicians.It was created to ensure that health care professionals would fineness the ill to the silk hat of their abilities, protect the privacy of their patients, and teach the secrets of practice of medicine to future generations. I allow use those dietary regimens which willing benefit my patients tally to my greatest ability and judgment, and I will do no harm or injustice to t hem. The Hippocratic oath is a doctors contract, in other words this argument can be interpreted as do not harm. Helping a patient take their life is a contradicting question if physicians are violating the Oath.Is a doctor assisting harm on a patient if they look at physician assisted death? Or is it causing harm to a patient to take hold them alive hapless if they coveting different? Nurses witness firsthand the devastating effects of debilitation and knockout disease that are often confronted with the discouragement and exhaustion of patients and families and at times, it may be difficult to find s relaxation between the preservation of life and the facilitation of a dignified death (ANA, 1994) Terminally ill patients are given medication to treat and calm them from the pain of the illness.Patients go through the stages of disease that health care professionals do not get to medications that will relieve them of all their symptoms, pain, and harm, but they do have med ications they will allow patients to end the harm and choose their death. Physicians have the right to administer medications to allow patients chose their death. Increased doses of controlled substances allows the patients to die at peace and the way they choose sooner of suffering in the last phases of life. The Hippocratic oath also allows health professionals to use their judgment when treating patients.Under the Oregon Death with Dignity Act physicians have to sign off that the patient is suffering and terminally ill, if a doctor feels that they can preserve the life of the patient they have the right to use their judgment to refuse to go againsticipate in the PAD. This is their moral right to decide if they are willing to prescribe medications to a request PAD patient if it is legal in the state. This is a time where physicians need to cope how to switch their focus from quantity, to quality of life(LaDuke, 2006).Health care professionals should not feel quality for complet ing the desires of patients and doing their job. Ganzini, Goy, & Dobscha, (2007) purpose that if clinicians should focus on improving end of life care addressing worries and apprehension about the future with the goal of reducing anxiety about the demise process. Addressing patients concerns we can create interventions to help on the process. In contrast, patients who request Death with Dignity are al entrap in high-quality alleviative care. We assume they hospice programs have little to do with the patients assisted death choice.Most patients have al construct do up there minds whether they have been in hospice care or not. Although hospice care can improve ones quality of life, it still does not change the patients choosing their circumstances of death. By any standard the first year of the Oregon Death and Dignity Act would be canvassed a success. This success has made other states look into legalizing physician-assisted death. In 1997, the hearship case capital letter v. Glucksberg decided that Oregons Death with Dignity Act would go into effect. Eleven years later others states followed the suit, through different approaches. In 2008, capital letter voters adopted a right to die initiative and a machine translation judge command that individuals had the right to hasten their death under the states constitution. (Kirtley, 20011). Supporters of the Washington Death with Dignity Act organized a commissioning of supporters. This committee felt their chances of success were favourable because of similar demographics in Oregon and Washington. The 11 years between the passings of Oregons Act allowed people of Washington intend the facts and make their own approach to the purposing of the Act.Novembers 2008 Washington voters approved the Death with Dignity Act, and people claimed other states would fall like dominos. Following in Washingtons footsteps, a month later Montana legalized hastened death. The Montana Supreme court ruled on December 31 , 2009 that nothing in the state constitution prevented patients from hastening their deaths and gave doctors the right to prescribe lethal medications. Americans direct have more options for last than they did in 1997. We know have Hospice, Palliative care, hysicians can legally pursue aggressive pain management, and states can now pass aid in dying laws. Patients may discontinue life-sustaining therapies, or voluntarily stop eating and boozing as a natural part of the dying process, and lethal prescriptions. Most important we are allowing patients to have choices to allow them to deal with their end of life care and how they wish to die. In the book Narrative Matters there is a story about a young doctor Alok Khorana who is coming to the end of his shift later massageing tenacious hours to save up time for her matrimony the next day.Alok is faced with a toilsome situation when Mr. Kohl comes in one of his patients and has to consider end-of-life decisions. Mr. Kohl her pati ent is a 53 year old white male, Vietnam veteran, steel whole shebang worker, smoker, lung cancer, that has failed two different chemotherapy regiments and his last a couple of(prenominal) scans have shown and impressive disease progression. Mr. Kohl had accompanied a doctors battle and the doctor noted shortness of clue and the need of urgent hospital care. In checkup terms this means it is fundamentally better of that he would die in the hospital and should have been on hospice care.Alok is hard to talk the man into considering a DNR and let him know that this he might not make it much long than a day or two. Mr. Kohl does not have any children and just has a wife named Ann. As much as Alok tries to lead Mr. Kohl to consider DNR he will not even consider it because he promised Ann he would not go without seeing her. They admonishering device him for a few hours trying to keep him as pain free as he can. The nurses and staff let the man know that there will not be a lo t they can do for him with all of his health conditions and him suffering from pneumonia.They provide him with information about DNR and how they deem it will be his best choice. He will not give in and says he is not giving up he told him wife he will do everything he can. After some time Mr. Kohls lungs begin to pay and he is hooked up to a ventilation machine to help his lungs work correctly. As his wife Ann is on her way he than is given the option to be administered enough oxygen to keep him a live without a machine for a little longer. Mr. Kohl knows what is about to happen to him, and how his medical condition cannot be reversed.He decides to hang on and do what ever he can for the love of his wife. He promised her he would be able to see her before he goes, and than he will be ready to die. Although Mr. Kohl did not receive a physician assisted death procedure, he shares a lot of the same concerns that was researched for why patients decide when they are ready to die. Mrs. Kohl finally shows up to the hospital clasps his hands tightly, the heart monitor machines are shut off, and the morphine is administered for comfort. Mr. Kohls breathes start to slow down and he drifts into sleep.Alok the doctor on duty witnessed a powerful life story that shadow on her shift. On his way home the day before her marriage she looks over Mr. Kohls struggle to hang on for life. Although he was aware of his conditions and that he will not make it much longer he wanted the comfort of his wife. Alok realizes that after years of struggles with his soon to be wife one day when he is dying, she will come in and tell him its OK to die. He will listen, and it will be okay. For many patients who consider physician-assisted death there main reasons are to control there situation of death.Mr. Kohl was so persistant on not choosing DNR because he just wanted to control his situation and wanted his wife to be on his side. Once she was there he made his decision and he than was re ady to go. Physician assisted death will continuously be a contradicted topic when discussing the tampering of a human life, but it is pay that this Act has had no present negative effects. When laws are set up to assist patients desires to choose the end of life care, physicians should feel they are following patients request and their job, they have the right to help patients choose their death.Legalization has to protect both of the rights of terminally ill patients who wish to die, and patients who do not. This will always be a sensitive that will differ with each state exploring the aspects of moral, ethical, and legal concerns. Work Cited Ganzini, L. , Goy, E. , & Dobscha, S. (2008). Why Oregon patients request assisted death family members views. Journal Of commonplace Internal Medicine, 23(2), 154-157. Battin, P. M. , Heide. A. , Ganzini, L. , Wal, G. , Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. P. (2007) Legal physician-assisted dying in Oregon and the NetherlandsEvidence concerning the I mpact on Patients in Vulnerable Groups. Journal of health check Ethics,33(10), 591-597. Batavia, A. I. (2000). So far so dangerous Observations on the first year of Oregons Death with Dignity Act. Psychology, Public Policy, And Law, 6(2), 291-304. Mathes, M. (2004). Ethics, law, and policy. Assisted suicide and nursing ethics. MEDSURG Nursing, 13(4), 261-264. Howard, R. J. (2006). We Have an Obligation to issue Organs for Transplantation After We Die. American Journal Of Transplantation, 6(8), 1786-1789.

Describe marketing situations in which the use of qualitative research methods would be appropriate Essay

Describe selling situations in which the use of soft research methods would be appropriate. According to Zikmund, Ward, Lowe, Winzar, Babin Qualitative research is a methodological analysis that elaborate interpretations of phenomenal of interest without depending on quantitative measurement ( Zikmund, Ward, Lowe, Winzar, Babin, 2011, pg 65 ) . It is characterised by its aims, which relate to discernment some aspect of social life, and its methods which turn over row, rather than numbers, as data for analysis ( Patton, Cochrain, 2002 ) .In terms of marketing situations, soft research methods be appropriate to be used when the organization subside for b be-assed product idea generation and development, bearing and weaknesses of products/ brands and studying emotions and attitudes on societal and public personal matters issues (qrca. org). To maximize understanding on the situation, in that respect ar two qualitative research methods that washstand be consider is cent re Groups and Questionnaires.With these methods, we identify the benefits as wholesome as limitations of using these research methods. Focus groups kitty be define as an unstructured, free-flowing interview with a small group of people ( Zikmund, Ward, Lowe, Winzar, Babin, 2011, p71) . An approximately 60 to 90 minute discussion is led by a trained moderator with 8 to 12 comparatively homogenous but unacquainted individuals who are brought in concert to discuss a specific topic ( Gunn, 2004) .Focus groups allow people to discuss their feelings, anxieties and frustrations, as comfortably as the depth of their convictions, in their own language ( Zikmund, Ward, Lowe, Winzar, Babin, 2011, p72 ) . The benefits of focus groups can be set uped for an in-depth exploration of new ideas, opinions, perceptions, and reactions to concepts and messaging. Focus groups often serve as preliminary research to assist survey design of posterior quantitative research methods.Similarly, they can also be useful in validating and/ or elucidate results garnered from previous quantitative research and can be use to elicit in their own words descriptions of products, services or issues being discussed. Conferences and other events present relatively low-cost opportunities to conduct focus groups with marker audiences. There prevail to be few interviewer effect on dialog because individuals tend to be influenced more(prenominal) by the group discussion than by the moderator.Participants are usually en thusiastic and spontaneous in their responses and groups tend to naturally cover more questions, opinions and comments than researchers could have anticipated. The loss of the focus group however shows that the results from focus groups are qualitative and nonprojectable to larger populations. They require well-trained moderators to manage discussions, take note focus, and minimize affects of the personalities and behaviours of individual participants on others and/or the e ntire group.Logistical and cost considerations include room and nutrient set-up, and incentives are typically needed to encourage response. Questionnaires are not among the most prominent methods in qualitative research, because they commonly require subjects to respond to a stimulus, and thus they are not acting naturally. However, they have their uses, specially as a means of collecting learning from a wider sample than can be reached by personal interview. Though the information is necessarily more limited, it can still be very useful.For example, where indisputable clearly defined facts or opinions have been place by more qualitative methods, a questionnaire can explore how generally these apply, if that is a matter of interest. Ideally, there would then be a qualitative equate on a sample of questionnaire replies to see if respondents were version items in the way intended. Alternatively, a questionnaire might be used in the first instance, followed by qualitative techni ques on a sample as a check and to fill out certain features of the questionnaire replies. fundamental interaction among techniques in this way is typical of qualitative research.